Pakistan is a country with immense potential for economic growth and development. It has a large population of over 241 million people, a strategic location in South Asia, a rich and diverse culture, and abundant natural resources. However, It has been…
Energy security has become a critical geopolitical issue in the 21st century as major powers like Russia, China, and the United States militarize their approaches to managing vital energy resources. Access to reliable and affordable sources of energy is essential…
Energy, and in particular oil and natural gas, have played a crucial role in shaping the foreign and economic policies of the Russian Federation since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. As the world’s largest producer of natural…
Algeria is the largest country in Africa and has an economy that is heavily dependent on oil and gas. The country’s oil and gas sector accounts for around 35% of the gross domestic product (GDP), 60% of budget revenues and…
Africa is a continent rich in natural resources and human capital, yet it faces major economic challenges. With a population of over 1.2 billion that is expected to double by 2050, Africa needs sustained economic growth to provide jobs and…
China’s rapid economic rise and growing political influence have made it a major global power. After decades of market reforms started under Deng Xiaoping, China has transformed itself from an impoverished communist state into the world’s second largest economy (IMF…
Industrialization transforming agrarian economies into modern manufacturing powerhouses dramatically raises productivity, incomes and living standards. But crafting effective industrial policies is challenging given risks like governments picking losers, fostering rent-seeking and protectionism. This section examines key issues and evidence on…
Social institutions play a vital role in shaping economic development and growth. Institutions are the “rules of the game” in society, consisting of formal and informal constraints and the enforcement characteristics of rules that structure political, economic and social interactions…
Agriculture has historically played a central role in the development process of nations. In early stages of industrialization, growth in agricultural productivity releases labor for emerging manufacturing while providing food, raw materials and demand for fledgling industries. However, agriculture’s importance…
The relationship between business and government is complex and multifaceted. On one hand, governments create the regulatory frameworks and market conditions that enable businesses to thrive. On the other hand, businesses provide jobs, economic growth, innovation, and tax revenue that…
Globalization has been one of the most significant economic and political trends of the past few decades. The increasing integration of economies and societies around the world has been driven by advances in technology, communication, and transportation. However, in recent…
Latin America has long struggled with uneven development and economic instability. Since gaining independence in the early 19th century, most Latin American nations have grappled with how to generate self-sustaining economic growth and improve standards of living. Access to capital,…
