Uyghur problem and its geopolitical dimensions from the Chinese perspective

Prepared by: Hanan Sobhi Abdel-Baqi Hassan – researcher at the African College of Graduate Studies – Egypt

• The Arab Democratic Center

Abstract:

China is one of the countries in the world that is characterized by racial and ethnic pluralism, and its freedom of religious conversion, which is protected through the constitution, which guarantees the citizens of the country the enjoyment of freedom of religious belief, Although there is a constitution separating the religions that exist in China, However, China has recently been subjected to a number of ethnic unrest by the Muslim Uighur group. Accordingly, this study looks at the dimensions of the Uighur problem in China and the reasons that led the Uighur group to pursue violence in the country that would have, In the context of the recent sectarian violence and riots in China by the Muslim Uighurs, The reasons for these tensions and riots in the country, and an analysis of the policies adopted by the Beijing government towards its different ethnicities, with a focus on the Uighurs.  Moreover, the position of the Beijing government on the Uighurs. The most important policies that I followed in the East Turkestan region. Threatening Chinese social security and learning about the ethnic policies pursued by China.

Introduction:

In this study, we monitor the problems that exist in China by the Uighur group that is located in the Eastern Turkestan region, or as the Chinese call it (Xinqiang), and that region has many geopolitical advantages, including the strategic location, as it was passing through the liberation road linking China and the countries of the world The old and the Byzantine state, but at that time it is considered a transit area for the tubes that transport Chinese oil abroad, in addition to the regions storing many economic resources such as oil, natural gas, coal and uranium, even several experts have nourished the Chinese economy and the heavy and military industry, as well as stocks of Chinese nuclear ballistic missiles . Despite the advantages of the region, however, recently, China witnessed a number of violence and tensions, which Beijing described as terrorist acts, and the outbreak of armed confrontations between the Uighur group and the Han group on the part of the Uighurs and the Chinese army forces on the other side.

the study Problem:

In terms of the problem raised by the study, comes the main question, which revolves around what are the reasons and motives that led the Uighurs to resort to sectarian violence and demand separation from China? This main question is divided into a number of sub-questions:

• Learn about the Uighurs, where they are and what are the reasons that led to these violent acts
• Learn about Xinjiang and its most important characteristics and how the Uighurs group in which it affects threatens Chinese national security.
• Knowing the policies that China has taken towards the Uighurs
• Learn about the effects on national security of China through the spread of the Uighur community in Xinjiang.

Study Approach:

This study relies primarily on the case study method, in order to describe the problem of the Uighurs to arrive at the causes of the problem, as well as the historical method was used to know the origins of the Xinjiang region and how important it is for China.

As these curricula have helped to understand the situation of the Muslim “Uighur” group, and to identify a number of reasons that the Communist Party of China has taken towards this group, and all the factors that influenced the formation of the relationship between the Uighurs and Beijing, which led to the demand for secession from the state.

The first topic: Theoretical framework on the concept of geopolitics

The concept of geopolitics:

Swedish political historian Rudolf Klein defined her as the first use of the term “geopolitics,” although the historical roots of geopolitics are due to ancient civilizations. This term has been translated as the science of earth politics, but the correct interpretation is the study that combines geographical facts with applied politics ^[1] .

The science of geopolitics aims to analyze the power of the state or assess the political strength and political weight of the state by analyzing its composition, composition, characteristics and data, naturally and humanly, and studying its resources and production, and this is really what geopolitics does as well ^[2] . But the goal of geopolitics from this study is to collect geographic information to know the extent of the influence of this region from the area of ​​this land on the regional expansion and other countries, while the geopolitics aims to study the extent of the influence of Xinjiang on China ^[3] .

“Friedrich Ratzel” is one of the greatest thinkers of geopolitics even if he does not use this term.

As for the one who developed the concept of geopolitics and helped spread this science, he is the director of the Munich Center for Geopolitical Studies “Karl Haushofer”, and he used “Geographic Haushofer” to collect vital information on large numbers of countries to show their strengths and weaknesses and provide this information to the military authority.

The study of an area of ​​state or territory analysis is like ours, as it is one of the vital studies in the field of political geography, and this approach is based on the analysis of geographical factors as an important party in the power equation and based on that, this curriculum developed by “Cohen and Rosenthal” is also based It was mentioned in the book (Taylor and Colin) on the analysis of the geographical factor and this factor includes four geographical elements affecting the state’s strengths (geographic environment, population, economic constituents, and political behavior). Weakness in the state, and therefore the geographers are trying to provide decision makers with a clear picture of the state so that they can address its weaknesses ^[4] .

Geopolitical analysis is based on two main themes:

• Describe the geographical situation and its facts as they seem to be linked to the various political forces.
• Establish and map the spatial framework that contains the interacting and conflicting political forces (states) ^[5] .

At the end of the nineteenth century, geopolitical attempts were possible in the past, and international powers were the connections of European colonial empires, in the center of these powers was defined by a narrow region in Europe and the maritime countries of the Mediterranean, and during three thousand years the world centers of power were ( Small hearts have moved from one place to another in the Middle East and Europe, and those political centers have coincided or pursued one after another after a time struggle.

We see that the first goal of geopolitics is to study the general conditions of the continental blocs and give them political significance to one subject and essential is global sovereignty, and thus geopolitics is a political science that derives its roots from political geography and its facts, and works to benefit from it to serve certain political plans in most cases ^[6] , Therefore, there are many differences between geopolitics and geopolitics that we can clarify as follows:

• Geopolitics draws a plan for what the state should be while geopolitics studies the state’s geographic entity. Geopolitics depicts the state of the future, while geopolitics draws the image of the past and the present.
• Geopolitics is characterized by evolution and movement, while geopolitics tends to be stable.
• Geopolitics tries to place geography and its facts into the service of the state, while geopolitics is only a picture of the state ^[7] .

The definition of the word Xinjiang: meaning in the Chinese language “new frontiers” and this is a literal translation of the word, and the old name has East Turkestan, as for the word “Uygur” and means Uyghur in “Union and Solidarity”.

Uyghur definition: They are people of Turkish origin, who speak “Uyghur language” which is the mother tongue, and the second language is Chinese language, and they convert to Islam, and they inhabit Xinjiang Autonomous Region. This nationalism represents one of the 56 Chinese nationalities ^[8] , and it is one of ten Muslim nationalities in China. These ten Muslim nationalities are “Uyghurs, Kazaks, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Tatars, Hoys, Salars, Dong Xiang, Bao’an, Kyrgyz”. Uyghurs occupy the second place among the Muslim nationalities in terms of population ^[9] .

The definition of Turkestan: It is a historical term consisting of two syllables, namely, (Turk) and (Stan), meaning the land of Turk, and our history is divided into West Turkistan or Central Asia and East Turkistan, which has come to be known under Chinese rule as (Xinqiang) and this term also consists of two syllables, namely (SHIN (JANG) means new territory or country ^[10] , meaning new region is the region in which the Uighur community is the subject of study.

 The second topic: Uighurs and their presence in the geopolitical region.

• First: the historical roots of Uyghur in Xinjiang

The Xinjiang recognition developed as it was known as East Turkistan, and Turkistan was ruled in 1000 BC by the Turkish Emperor (Saka) in the eighth century BC. It became part of the Turkish Hun Empire until 334 BC when Alexander Macedon seized the western part of Turkestan At the time that East Turkestan maintained its vitality in the form of independent taverns until the Chinese in 93 BC ^[11] A.D. several attacks to seize it, but their occupation did not last thirty years, and in the year 555 AD, East Turkistan joined the empire (Cook Turkler ) Which was in a permanent war with China ^[12] .

The Uighur community was among the people who were under the Mongolian authority that controlled Central Asia in 1220, and under this Mongol rule, Central Asia was divided into West Turkestan today known as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and East Turkistan known as the Xinjiang Province, and East Turkistan gained independence from this rule Mongolian eight years after the conquest of the “Manchu” empire and founded East Turkistan on November 18, 1884, which means that Turkestan is the “land of the Turk” which means the Islamic of the region ^[13] .

Thus, in the wake of the history of the founding of the East Turkestan region, the idea of ​​Uygur nationalism, which Islam had the greatest role in establishing, began to be formed and even pivotal to preserving their cultural heritage and historical customs. The Uighurs converted to a number of religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Nestorian and Zoroastrian until the borders of the tenth century AD, then they entered Islam and are distributed today to the majority of the Hanafi Sunni and Shiite minority. Uighurs enriched the Chinese cultural heritage with a number of books, books, music and arts, perhaps the most prominent of which are acrobatics that the Chinese excelled in ^[14] .

Islam entered the region during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik bin Marwan (86 AH – 705 CE) and was opened by the Muslim leader Qutaybah bin Muslim al-Bahli in (96 AH) (715 AD) ^{[15] and} since that date it has become part of the land of Islam ^[16]. In the fourth century AH, it became one of the centers of Islamic civilization and culture, with its practical institutions and rich libraries, and Turkestan Muslims took the lead in advisory, teaching and judiciary councils, among whom were the famous prophetic knowledge of the Prophet and the science of Islamic civilization such as (Bukhari, Al-Tirmidhi, Al-Bayhaqi, Al-Farabi, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Biruni, Al-Kashhari, And other great flags), but after the Manchu family came to power in China in 1644 CE, and since then a campaign of persecution against Muslims began, which prompted them to confront the authorities by raising arms for the first time in 1648 AD, and then the Chinese seized the region in 1760 AD After the Muslims were weak and followed the policy of “territorialization”, the Muslims followed with violent revolutions, such as the “Janjakh” revolution that took place in 1825 and lasted for two years ^[17] .

And then was followed by the revolution of “Yaqoub Bey” in 1845, which lasted twenty years, after which Muslims were able to liberate the region in ^[18] 1865, but it did not receive international recognition, and because of the conflict that took place between Britain and Russia during the nineteenth century to control Central Asia, which is what was known At the time, the Great Game and Britain’s fear that Russia succeeded in annexing East Turkestan to its territory after it succeeded in annexing most of West Turkestan (Central Asian countries), then Britain supported and supported China to control the region. Indeed, China, led by General Zuzhong Tang, managed to control the region once Other in 1876 and since that date the province has been called Xinjiang ^[19] .

And in 1931 a revolution of a sign in the region was behind the Chinese ruler dividing the region into administrative units followed by another revolution in 1933 and formed an impact in the region an Islamic republic, but it was not destroyed even though it collapsed after China allied with Russia in exchange for the latter obtaining the right of exploration On the mineral wealth and the occupation of some Russian service sites in the region, which called for the people of the region to carry out another revolution in the region in 1944 led by “Ali Khan”, but the alliance of China and Russia again led to aborting the revolution and forcing the population of the region to reconcile with China in exchange for recognition Their rights to establish a government that represents them. Indeed, the region gained independence in 1946, and “Masoud Sabri” was appointed as prime minister. However, after the Chinese revolution in 1949, the Chinese forces needed the region after heavy fighting with the population, and China began implementing a strict policy in which Mao’s teachings were replaced. Tong ”replaced Islamic teachings ^[20]. Since that date until now, there has been a permanent state of conflict and instability prevailing in the region.

This map shows the location of the Uighurs in Xinjiang, which was formerly called East Turkestan

Source: Hussein Sarmak Hassan, How The United States Bring Terrorism To China, The National Movement Party, 2018.

What shows us that the Xinjiang region is originally Islamic, because it was part of the Islamic world for more than thirteen centuries and is now subject to Chinese sovereignty under a strict policy against the Muslim population of the region, which created a problem in the Uighur group ^[21] , It is not possible to determine the causes and the causes of that problem without realizing the geographical base of it, which is one of the necessities of the geopolitical studies that we will address as follows:

• Natural ingredients of the region in which the Uighur community .

Political geography concerned with studying the political phenomenon and its relationship with the characteristics of the place in the light of the geographical circumstances (natural, demographic and economic) , the fact that there are relations of mutual effect between them , whether positive or negative, it requires us to take al – Qaeda geographical dependent state or territory ^[22] .

Although the morphological approach is no longer in control of geopolitics, it does not prevent us from employing it in the study of political units. Some geographical elements of nature still play a major role in assessing political unity, but rather affect the value of the state politically for gaining certain advantages if they are available to contribute to strength or Weak political unity and directing its policy ^[23] .

• The characteristics and importance of the site

The geographical location is one of the most prominent aspects of the analysis of the state’s power in geopolitics, as it affects the attitudes of the population, the political behavior of its government, and its internal and external relations. With regard to the Uighur community and its geopolitical dimensions, its location can be studied as follows:

• Astronomical Location Astronomical location

In other words, the study of the site with respect to longitude and latitude, and latitude is much more important than longitude, since it is climate-related and thus its impact on agriculture, population activities, their spread and geographical distribution.

Xinjiang is the region that contains the Uighur community between longitude 75: 98 and two latitudes 36:48 north, i.e. it extends to (23) longitude, which means that the time difference between its east and west is about (92) minutes, and it extends over (12) A revolving circle, and this extension has mainly impacts on climatic conditions ^[24] .

• Relative location

In this type of site, political unity is described in terms of its freedom or continental (closed) and its neighboring countries. This location is of great importance in geopolitical studies because of its relationship to the state’s saying, its activities and its internal and external relations, especially in its regional environment.

The Uighur community is located in the far west of China from the Xinjiang region, and that region is closed and surrounded by land from all sides and from the north bordered by the Federal Republic of Russia and from the west by the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan and part of the Indian Kashmir region and from the south Tibet Chinese province and from the south The southeast is Chinese (and Qinghai and Gansum) regional regions bordered by the Republic of Mongolia ^[25] . The following map is also seen.

The strategic importance of the site of the Uyghur community is evident in the fact that it enjoyed in the past its great importance in world trade as the famous Silk Road passed through it and linked China to the countries of the ancient world and the Byzantine state, but at the present time the importance of this site comes from being a transit point for the passage of Chinese oil through pipelines, and through it China can also import oil wealth from the Central Asian republics bordering the region in which the Uighur community is located. Hence, China’s control of the region represents a dangerous strategic dimension, so the Chinese industrial power is sure to be paralyzed if those pipelines are at risk ^[26] .

This site represents being the buffer zone between China on the one hand and Russia and the countries that were independent from the former Soviet Union (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) with a border of about 2683 km, in addition to that the site has a major strategic importance from the military point of view, as China publishes one of Major military teams, and most Chinese ballistic nuclear missiles are stationed there.

The following map shows the geographical location of Xinjiang, among other provinces in China, and its strategic importance.

Source: Turkestan Times, what do you know about: China’s Xinjiang, formerly East Turkestan.

It is clear to us from the above that the extension of that site, which is located within the region, to about (12) circles, gives the region a climate diversity that reflects its impact on the agricultural reality if other conditions are available to it, and that the strategic value

The region, whether economically or militarily, made it represent a significant place and concern in the perspective of China. China considers these locations as its western gate, which overlooks the Asian continent as a popular commercial market, as China has taken through history as a buffer logic that avoids external dangers, making it a semi-closed military zone, and this explains to us One of the reasons China adheres to this region.

• The border area Area and Boundaries

There is no doubt that the borders of the state in terms of the area occupied by the state have a significant impact on its political value, as it is the physical space of the land on which the state is based, provided that that area is rich in various natural resources and that it is inhabited by the population.

The site of the Uighur community, which is located in the Xinjiang region, which is one of the largest provinces in China, with an area of ​​about 1.660 million km 2, constituted about 17% of the area of ​​China. That area is roughly equal to the area of ​​Iran and one and a half times larger than the area of ​​Egypt, three times the area of ​​France as the largest European country in size, and comes in the nineteenth rank in terms of area if compared with the sizes of very large countries whose area ranges between (1.250 -2,500) million square kilometers according to The “Bounds” category is Norman JG pounds, and its borders extend along (5600) km adjacent to (8). By looking at the political borders as the land in which the state exercises its policy and is subject to its authority, it has the right to benefit from it and exploit it when taking the lengths of borders distributed to neighboring countries and dividing them according to the method of analyzing power in geopolitics, we find that the lengths of land borders to the region of the region amount to (290).^[27] .

As for the geographical analysis, I am the form of the region to which the Uighur group belongs and which is seen according to geopolitical analysis as one of the determinants of the unity, cohesion of the state and its strength, since the healed and crowded form is the example that adds with it a kind of internal cohesion, in the region comes out with a combined welded patch A kind of margins, margins, or marginal pockets so that the geographical form of the region is almost perfect and it is very regular, and this gives the region one of the positive advantages when geopolitical evaluation of it.

The Uighur group is about (3270 km) west of the Chinese capital, Beijing, which is a significant distance that has a negative return according to geo-political analysis, and this can be in the difficulty faced by the central government and in its ability to control these vast parties. Its name was previously “1950s”, “Tihua”. It is located on the northern slopes of the central part of the Tianshan Mountains, and since the ideal location of the capital is closely related to area and shape in terms of its centralization, which results in it being one of the safest and most protected sites. Hence its political and administrative role and its threat. In its defensive position ^[28] .

The distinguished location that inhabits the Uighurs will be one of the largest city of Kashgar, which is a famous historical, cultural and touristic city. The northern and southern branches of the Silk Road are thus important transportation hubs in Central West Asia.

China has been able to exploit that large area of ​​the region and has granted it the characteristic of defense in depth, so it has taken from it a buffer zone that protects it from external dangers, as well as we store it in the various mineral resources, the most important of which is oil. On the other hand, the area of ​​the region bore many traits of geopolitical weakness ^[29] .

• The regional importance of Xinjiang .

This region represents autonomy, and it takes from the area of ​​China about 1/6 the area of ​​China, and its population is about 1.5 of the total population of the country. The region is a vital region for China, where its importance is concentrated in strategic and economic importance ^[30] .

This region is located in East Turkestan, in the northwest of China where central Asia is, and it is called the “Center of the Asian mainland European” in a central point starting from the Kamchatka Peninsula in the eastern end of Asia to the peninsula “Iberia” in the western front of Europe, and the islands of “Sumatra and Borneo” In the south of Asia, to the island of Sept Spurgeon, located in the northern end of Europe. It thus occupies a distinguished position linking China, Eurasia and the countries of the world, east and west.

By distinguishing its geographical location, which distinguished East Turkistan, this has led China throughout the ages to control it from the point of defense of Inner Mongolia, the defense of which is important to protect Beijing. The control of this region is also a control of important communication routes between China and Eurasia and the Middle East, through which the so-called ancient Silk Road that armies crossed from Central Asia to China was passing, and is considered one of the most important ways to transport commercial goods ^[31] .

The area of ​​the region is about 1.710.45 square kilometers, and this geographical and demographic situation in addition to mineral resources that made it an important place for China, especially in its nuclear program, as it extracts uranium in a number of laboratories that it established in this region. In addition to that the region is a vital place for conducting Chinese nuclear tests in the “Taklamakan” desert, which is far from population centers.

The importance of the region as a protective zone against external hazards is also due. In other words, China has control over this region, but there is a military field adjacent to each of (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Russia). The economic importance of the region is due to the great diversity of resources and wealth, and this diversity and abundance is one of the most important reasons that push China to stick to it from within its geographical borders. As the region has natural mineral resources from uranium, gold, and petroleum. It is also one of the largest regions producing natural gas in China and the third largest oil producers in the region. This region contains approximately 6 uranium mines, an oil reserve estimated at 8.2 trillion tons. The region’s importance in the field of oil production and its reserves increases, and represents the most important transit paths for oil and gas. In other words, controlling this territory is essential to China’s security ^[32] .

• Second: the social and historical context of the Uighur community.

The Chinese society is distinguished by the ethnic diversity followed by ethnic diversity, as China consists of 56 nationalities, and the “Han” nationality is the most enumerated and largest Chinese nationality, representing about 92% of the total population, and is called other nationalities or minorities ^[33] , and it is distributed It is divided into three groups:

The first group : there are 18 nationalities with a population exceeding one million, and these nationalities include,

Chuang is the largest, with 16 million people. Then followed by the following nationalities: Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uighur, Tujia, Mongolian, Tibet, Puyi, Yao, Koreans, Bai, Hani, Li, Kazak and Dai.

The second group: It consists of 17 nationalities whose population ranges between 100 thousand to one million, and these nationalities constitute (Shah, Lisu, Qalao, Lahu, Dongshiang, Shu, Nashi, Chiang, Tu, Shiboh, Molau, Kyrgyz, Daur, Jingbo Salar, Maunan).

The third group: It represents 20 nationalities whose population ranges between less than 10 thousand to 100 thousand people, and includes (Bulang, Tajik, Bumi, Achahang, Nu, Owink, Jing, Jinu, Dang, Uzbeks, Russians, Yooqoo, Bao’an, Napa, Aluncheon, Dolong, Tatars, Hehehe, Gaooshan). The Luba Nationality is considered to be one of the lesser nationalities with a population of only 2965 people.

In the year 651 the year was also the beginning of the introduction of Islam in China, when a third adult caliph, Othman bin Affan, may God be pleased with him, sent an envoy to Chang’an, the “capital of China at the time”, where the envoy met the Chinese Emperor, and included him with the conditions of the caliphate, the conditions of Islam, and the customs of Muslims. Hence the beginning of the arrival of Islam to China from the countries of Central Asia and through Arab merchants and diplomats who resided in various places in China, and they were called “residents of Tang” ^[34] .

With the passage of years, the number of Muslims in China increased dramatically, and the consequent spread of Islam throughout the country. During the Yuan Dynasty, which is between 1206-1368, the family founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, the number of Chinese Muslims increased rapidly, and Islam witnessed a rapid development in the country because of their prestige. During the period (1368-1644) during the rule of the Ming Dynasty, Islam in China witnessed a continuous development, and an increase in the number of Muslims as well ^[35] .

Among the groups that converted to Islam during this period was the Uighur group that lived in Mongolia, and they arrived from an area called “East Turkistan” in the northwest of China, which the ruling Communist Party of China in 1955 called the region “Xinjiang”, which is The region located between Mongolia and Kazakhstan, and its southern parts are connected with each of (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India) ^[36]. Therefore, this region is considered to be the gateway to China for Central Asia. This region is the largest administrative unit in China and represents a sixth of the total area of ​​the country. The region includes more than 40 ethnic groups, and the Uighur group is the largest among these groups, followed by the Chinese Muslim Han, in addition to the Chinese Hui Muslim group as well.

The area of ​​the region is about 1.65 million km2, and its population is 21.81 million, and Muslims in this region exceed 13 million people, the majority of whom are Uighurs who make up of the region’s total area of ​​9 million people. In addition to some groups such as (kazak, Kyrgyz, Tatar and Uzbeks) ^[37] .

The language used by Uighurs is the Uyghur language, which is descended from the Turkish language and use Arabic letters in its writing. The Uighurs had the Kingdom of Mongolia in 744, but it disintegrated with the Kyrgyz invasion into two eastern parts, represented by the Kanchow Kingdom, which is today known as Gansu. As for the western section, it is known as the “Karakhoja” kingdom, and it is known today as Turpan or Xinjiang ^[38] .

 The third topic: Uyghur problem and its geopolitical dimensions.

The history of the Uyghurs has never been known, whether ancient or newly stable, it may be due to the geostrategic considerations of the region that we believe have played a major role in defining relations and determining their paths, directions and goals in international relations, often a reflection of the requirements of the geopolitical and economic reality of the country (the region) Often, these same requirements are imposed on the nature of political behavior in their relationship with other parties, and when applying the foregoing to the study area, we see that the problem of the Xinjiang region has jumped in recent years to the top of regional and international concerns of factors that may be mainly caused by the strategic location of the region And due to its oil weight, uranium mineral containment, or the fact that it is China’s arsenal of nuclear ballistic weapons, but these reasons may not be enough to ignite a crisis in the region that has been under Chinese control for nearly five centuries and what it analyzes from time to time.Those long years of smelting the region within the Chinese crucible, and the study necessities can be classified into internal and external reasons that contributed together to the region’s crisis and its complexity.

First: the causes of the internal crisis.

There are several internal or local factors that have a significant impact on the crisis of the Xinjiang region. The history of the region is rich with anti-Chinese hegemony, the most recent of which was a series of violent unrest in 1997, in the Chinese government adopted a policy to safeguard the region and is intended to change the “ethnic” demographic makeup of the region, the sources indicate The proportion of Muslims in the region decreased in 1940 from 95% to 60% from the beginning of the current century, by pushing millions of Chinese to settle in the region amid attractive economic incentives, including giving them comprehensive tax exemptions while providing housing and land that was confiscated from the Uighur Muslims after having They were expelled to the outskirts of villages and arid lands. And China’s adoption of the policy of denial, deportation, collective punishment, and forced labor in partisan camps for males and females, or by manipulating the demographic Uighur biological at various levels of contraception, abortion, sterilization, birth control, and population growth control in that region^[39] .

In 1996, the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China took a very secret decision in dealing with the issue of the region, known as the document. This document included the application of ten strict measures, and we will address them as follows:

• Prohibition of Islamic education
• Preventing religious activity and the use of repression and assassination.
• Executions of those who oppose the Communist Party or call for independence or secession of the territory from China.
• China forcibly transferring thousands of Uighur women to work in factories outside the region, forcing them to marry non-Muslims and preventing them from wearing the veil.
• Harassment of the Muslim population in mosques, workplaces and strict security measures that undermine religious freedom.
• The Chinese government banned Arabic script used by the people of the region for nearly a thousand years, and destroyed about 730
• He wrote a book in Arabic language, including copies of the Noble Qur’an, under the slogan “Fighting remnants of the past.”
• China has forced the Uyghurs to learn the principles of Chinese shelter.
• The population of the province did not survive from the Uighurs from the policy of educational neglect adopted.
• Education at the school and university level has become less than that of other Chinese states ^[40] .

Despite these reasons that worked on the existence of the crisis, that policy did not end the demographic dissolution of the region by encouraging the population from the Han nationality to migrate to the region, the behavior and customs of the inhabitants of this nationalism differ from the behavior and customs of the Muslim Uighur nationalism, whether in terms of food, drink, or social behavior This led to sensitivities between the two parties, not only with the Uighurs but also with other smaller Muslim nationalities. Moreover, the region, like other regions of western and northern China, is less developed than the eastern and southern regions of China, which were earlier in the economic openness by virtue of their occurrence on the seas compared to the internal regions related to before Asia ^[41] .

From all of the foregoing, it appears that the internal causes have contributed in one way or another to the complexity of the situation in the region in which the indigenous people of the region have become Uighur nationalists are anxious and fearful of the Chinese government’s policy of the repressive method that it pursues in dealing with the issue of the region until the population of the region has become Uighurs They are treated as second-class citizens, which prompted them to stand at the heart of China’s plans and demand their autonomy or separation and independence in the region. This does not mean that the internal causes alone were a reason for the conditions in that region, so there must be other external or international reasons that we will address as well ^{( 42]} .

Second: external or international causes

Xinjiang included vast borders, which amounted to about 5600 km, which has the highest strategic importance for China, in the region exceeds about 8 countries, each of which represents a problem for China and from the West bordered by five Islamic countries, namely (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan) , Afghanistan, and Pakistan) and those countries pose an imminent danger to China, as they include a large number of Muslims, some call them terrorists, so China views the region as a hard wall that prevents them from entering China, as the region has crossed two dangerous countries that China is one of The two nuclear states are the Russian Federation and India. This explains the secret of the Chinese ballistic missile concentration in the region. As for the eighth country, it is Mongolia. These also have old problems with China in exchanging occupation between the two countries. A clear historical fact. Hot, which made China concerned aboutThis permissibility factor and feeling anxious comes from Islam, which has started to grow on its soil and its neighboring countries day after day.

 In 1996, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was established in 1996, and a treaty was signed in the same year with Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, as its provisions included the following:

• Secure the boundaries between them.
• Pressure on Uighur minorities in Central Asian countries to prevent them from offering any facilities to the Uighurs revolting in China against the Chinese central government.

China has succeeded by exploiting the economic, security and political conditions in these newly independent countries in imposing the political dictates of the region to exercise in light of these conditions measures of repression and abuse against the Muslims of the region.

The fifth topic: the dimensions that China followed towards the Uighurs

The economic and strategic importance of it represented the region as a factor affecting China’s interest in this region, and the ruling Communist Party pursued a number of policies towards the Muslim Uighur minority in it to control it. Among the results of these policies was the outbreak of a number of sectarian violence that developed and reached the demand of the Uighurs to separate from the state.

There is no doubt that there is a correlation between state policies in managing multi-ethnicity and sectarian violence that may emanate from these ethnicities. Whenever the state has developed assimilative policies and succeeded in mobilizing public resources and using them to maintain stability, the more it is able to avoid the outbreak of conflicts and sectarian violence that may develop to the point of demanding secession from the mother country itself. Within the framework of managing multi-ethnicity, the methods of states vary between setting strategies for managing multi-ethnicity, and developing policies to eliminate the causes of ethnic differences and conflicts.

Below, the researcher explains a number of these methods in general, and then proceeds to a number of strategies adopted by Beijing towards the Uighurs.

• Beijing’s violent policies toward the Uighurs:

In 1944 a revolution erupted in the Ili valley in north-eastern Turkestan, after which the republic was proclaimed, but as a result of the Soviet pressure the revolutionary leaders were forced to enter into negotiations with the Government of China. And, following him, Turkmen self-rule was in exchange for the leaders of the revolution abdicating the declaration of independence from China, with the central government of China controlling military and foreign affairs.

In addition to the control of the Chinese Communist Party over the reins of power in the country in 1949 until he came to power, a number of visions were adopted to deal with the issue of minorities, and also in 1930 a decision was issued during the first conference of all Soviet China and the decision stipulated the granting of the right to self-determination or separation On behalf of China, joining the Soviet Union, or forming an autonomous region within China, but it contains areas with a predominantly non-Chinese population as in Mongolia, Tibet, East Turkestan ^[43] .

Despite this decision, the Chinese Communist Party has worked on the authority of its Chairman, Mao Zedong, that in 1945 it was announced that it was necessary to demand better treatment for minorities, and that these minorities had the right to grant them the formation of a union with the Chinese from the “Han” race. Turns to the idea of ​​self-determination that had been announced before ^[44] .

Thus, there remained a greater change in the policies of the ruling Communist Party towards minorities in particular and the indigenous Uighurs of East Turkistan (Xinjiang) and it was announced in 1947 that it adopted a policy of local self-government within a unified China. The reason behind the change in Mao’s policy toward the right to self-determination and then granting autonomy within a united China is his attempt to gain sympathy and support for minorities in his war against the Japanese invasion. But in the wake of the end of the Japanese threat, Mao reverted from his previous promises, using the style and thought of “Lenin” that he took to gain support for the Bolshevik revolution by announcing the granting of the right to self-determination to colonies within the Russian Empire without the intention to fulfill these promises ^[45] .

The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in 1949 passed the “Common Program Promulgated”, which was an interim constitution for the Republic of China in which it emphasized that national territorial autonomy is a basic principle and policy of China. This program also established a number of rights for minorities, which are mentioned in Articles (50-51-53).

In 1955, autonomy was granted to the province after 6 years of the Communist Party taking control of the country’s reins. The “Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region” was established, and the first time East Turkestan was called Xinjiang in 1881 in the wake of the collapse of the rule of Jacob Bey in East Turkestan. Xinjiang means “new earth” in Chinese.

In 1954, with the issuance of the first constitution of the People’s Republic of China, it was announced in its third article, that the People’s Republic of China is a multinational country and that self-government applies to the areas of concentration of national minorities ^[46] .

• The policy of displacement of the population from the “Han” to live in the East Turkestan region:

In the context of the concept and vision of the Chinese Communist Party of the concept of nationalism and civilized state and the consideration of any ethnic group that does not belong to the majority of the “Han” is classified as a “national minority”, and that all national and ethnic minorities within China are members of the Chinese people and are not strangers to it, even peoples The foreigners who ruled China during historical periods are seen as the national minorities of the Chinese people. This is the vision of the Chinese Communist Party, which stems from Beijing’s view of the Chinese state as a civilization, not a nation. This idea developed and took root in Chinese cultural thought and helped to develop a number of accommodating policies for local identities and try to integrate them into the Chinese identity, which is clearly reflected in the multi-imperial Chinese policy of the region East Turkestan ^[47] .

Among those imperialist policies pursued by the ruling Communist Party against minorities in general, and the Uighur population of East Turkestan in particular, the policy of displacing the “Han” group to live in the cities of East Turkistan and reduce the rates of Uighurs in it. The Communist Party resorted to the existence of a number of justifications and motives for pursuing this policy.

In addition to the region’s natural wealth in large quantities, the local population is not sufficient to extract these wealth and there is a need for immigrants who help discover and extract these wealth to benefit from them, in addition to the region’s need for a number of skilled technicians from the “Han” race to work in construction and industries Land reclamation. China has taken some measures to reduce the proportion of the population of the Uighurs in the region, we will address the following:

• China has reduced the population burden in crowded areas and moved them to less dense areas.
• Incorporation of Uighur minorities into Chinese society and Han culture.
• Increased numbers of Chinese “Han” race compared to the numbers of Uighurs of Turkish origin.
• Military insurance for the border areas out of the Chinese lack of assurance of the loyalty of these ethnic minorities, and thus increasing the numbers of ethnic Han people in the region will ensure the possibility of facing any threats and tendencies to secession.

These motives and justifications for pursuing the policies of the displacement of the ethnic Han, but represent the defensive, economic and political goals of the Communist Party of China and their absorption in the region, among these methods were the following:

• Providing housing and land for new immigrants.
• Providing job opportunities for them.
• Give them priority in employment.
• Development of transportation and extension of railways within the region.

In addition, the Communist Party has established so-called production and construction teams in Xinjiang, “also called” Bintuan “and the beginning of its founding dates back to 1954, through which the government allocated more than 100,000 military personnel to reclaim and cultivate border areas, thus transforming them from strength Military to a civilian force. It thus achieves two goals at the same time, the goal of military presence and achieving security for the region, and an economic goal in its development while tightening its control.

The “Pengtuan” formed the third element in the control and administration of the East Turkestan region, “Xinjiang”, with both the provincial administration authority and the People’s Liberation Army. In addition to production operations, these teams plan and execute the displacement of Han Chinese and provide them with job opportunities, and also train them in martial arts ^[48] .

This, and in addition to these coercive policies adopted by the Communist Party towards the Uighur population of the East Turkestan region, the Communist Party took a number of arbitrary measures against them, especially after the period of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) and that period was characterized by some aspects that the Communist Party pursued against Uighur group, and we will address it as follows:

• Insulting scholars and exposure to religious symbols of the clergy, while forcing them to make statements that contradict the principles of Islamic law with the arrest of many of them.
• Searching homes and collecting religious books from them.
• Cancellation of Islamic holidays and Friday holidays.
• Parents were prevented from performing all other religious rites ^[49] .

Moreover, after the end of the cultural revolution, during the 1970s and 1980s and when China entered the period of openness, religious pressures and violations committed against the Uighur Muslims eased ^[50] , and they were allowed to practice religious rites and rebuild a number of mosques that were destroyed after the cultural revolution, This led to the emergence of a religious awakening in the region during the nineties, which prompted the Chinese authorities to practice politics, and they worked to restrict religious activities through the following:

• It closed a number of mosques.
• It prohibited government employees from practicing religious rites
• Large numbers of religious and Quran memorization schools were closed ^[51] .

Those practices pursued by China for fear that Islam becomes a source of support for the aspirations of the Uighurs in the demand for secession ^[52] . This is indicated by “Human Rights Watch” in 2002 that the Chinese authorities adopt policies of control over the customs of Turkestan Muslims in their life matters ^[53] .

• The term “terrorist groups” is called Uighur groups

On September 11, 2001, it was a milestone in the features and style of China’s handling of the Uighur resistance. After Beijing adopted a method of obfuscation and secrecy in the acts of sectarian violence between the Chinese Uighurs of the ethnic “Han”, the media began to address these issues more openly and openly than before. Beijing took advantage of the global war on terrorism and American support for countries fighting terrorism, and declared itself facing terrorism in the same way as the United States of America, then launched a method called terrorist operations on any of the violence and riots that may occur in the region. In the context of that in 2001 and the consequences of these events, it declared that Uighur groups are terrorist groups at that time and that they have links with several al-Qaeda organizations, and even Muslim individuals from this group receive military training in Afghanistan.^[54] .

In addition, China has re-launched new terms for what they called “Uyghur nationalists” and “confront revolutionaries with new terms religious extremists and terrorists, to subdue these groups with the character of religious extremism rather than nationalist movements, and this has resulted in more violence and extremism. By these groups ^[55] .

In 2002, the Information Office of the State Council issued a document that is considered one of the most important official documents issued by the government, and this document has been dubbed “East Turkistan terrorist group that will not be able to escape punishment. The importance of the document is due to what China declared about the volume of violence that Confronted in Xinjiang by the Uighurs, in addition to that it marks the first time that the Beijing government publishes an official announcement of the violence and riots it faces, and the document also holds Beijing East Turkestan responsible for the violence. In addition to the document containing more than 200 violent incidents that the country witnessed during the nineties, the term terrorist operations or once was referred to in this document as violence operations that were not referred to by this term ^[56] .

From the following map, it appears that the Xinjiang region inhabited by Muslim Uighur groups is witnessing some violence and deterioration that occurs in the region. The Chinese authorities have always held extremists to blame for the violence, while the Uighur group blames the hardening Chinese control ^[57] .

Source: BBC, 12 people were killed in violence in Xinjiang, China, January 2014

• Adopting development policies towards Xinjiang .

The Beijing government has been keen to take advantage of the natural resources of Xinjiang, invest in mining resources and bridge the economic level gap between the region’s residents and other eastern cities. This is through setting a number of development plans that can be addressed as follows:

• China has achieved development in Xinjiang by developing a number of projects, including the Western Development Project.
• A number of projects were announced by the government in June 1999, which includes the construction of a road network, airports, and a number of natural gas pipelines connecting the region with Shanghai, with a distance of about 500 miles.
• A number of job opportunities have been offered, but the ethnic Han people are in control of it, which creates more tension between the Han and the Uighurs.

The ruling Communist Party worked to provide a number of grants and benefits to the Chinese Muslim Han group at the expense of the Uighurs, these advantages were to obtain employment and access to political positions in the region, in exchange for the government’s neglect of the Uighurs and not being able to take political or economic positions in The region by placing a number of obstacles and restrictions on them to assume political positions, which encouraged the Uighurs to submit a number of complaints and organize a number of demonstrations within the region.

These policies that the Beijing government pursued since the 1950s towards the Uighurs and through which it was trying to achieve its economic and cultural security at the expense of the Uighurs, but led to the generation of a number of acts of violence and civil and political sabotage that threatened the security of the state itself. Concerned by the Beijing government that the Uyghur presence in the region was increasing and pushing it to pursue a policy of substituting Uighurs, the Uighurs had led to tensions between the Han and Uighurs. Violence thrives on the violations suffered by the Uighur people, and thus complaints and demonstrations from within the region turned into riots that spread in the country taking jihadi forms through suicide operations and the indiscriminate killing of civilians ^[58] .

Helped to increase tensions and violence in the country by the Uighurs, the experiments carried out by the Beijing government on nuclear activities in the region in the “Taklamakan” desert, and that was in November 1985.

The result of these events reached the level of violence and extremism in the country to the events of 2009, which killed more than 200 people, in addition to a number of injured and injured, and these events were only a result of the policies of the Beijing government adopted towards the Uighur group.

• Harassment of religious and cultural practices for non-Han.

The Uyghur community has been subjected to some security prosecutions, including imprisonment, arrests and raids on Uighur homes on a semi-periodic basis, especially in major cities such as Urumqi, the capital, and Kashgar.

Those conditions that the Uighurs face have led to a deterioration of the economic conditions of the region’s Muslim Turks, despite the region’s richness of wealth, while the Han enjoy most of the best job opportunities. It also drains its wealth and resources excessively and went into China with little return to the Muslims of Turkestan. In addition to the deterioration of environmental and health conditions and the spread of serious diseases and drug use.

Continued destruction operations of Uighur dwellings and historical places in Kashgar, on the pretext of developing the city and establishing modern housing in which Han immigrants live from within China to the region, despite the objection of the Turkish city residents. In addition to the fact that these policies pursued by the Communist Party of China towards the Uighurs, and in the face of what he called “movements of religious extremism and terrorism” by the Uighurs ^[59] , Beijing has granted a number of broad powers to the National Liberation Army forces in relation to any acts of violence or The threat that might be issued by the Uighur community.

As a result of this deterioration that affected the region and affected the civilian population in China, in August 2009 Beijing worked to issue a law to confront riots, violence and terrorism. This law consists of 7 chapters containing 38 articles. These articles cover issues related to general provisions, official duties, obligations, rights, and guarantees And supervision ^[60] .

Conclusion:

It was found through the study that the location of the Uyghur community, which is located in the Xinjiang region, has an important strategic geopolitical position, whether in the past at the Silk Road crossing or recently in the fact that China considers it its western gateway that overlooks it towards Asia. And that region’s geopolitical location, from which China has taken a buffer zone that protects it from external dangers, has made it a closed military zone in which nuclear ballistic weapons are based. This region has very important economic components in that it possesses agricultural areas and the lands of this region are considered to be the best types of agricultural lands.

It is also clear to us through the importance of that region to China that the arbitrary and coercive policies pursued by the ruling Chinese Communist Party towards the Uighur group since this party came to power, that party has pursued a number of policies with imperial attitudes towards the Uighurs, especially in that they are policies Unbalanced, resulting in riots and violence that ultimately led to the Uighurs ’demand to secede from the Beijing government.

The arbitrary policies pursued by the Communist Party have resulted in a number of violent acts and ethnic unrest between the Uighurs and ethnic Han, which represents a threat to Iraqi national security. Indeed, the violence has evolved until it reaches the killing of civilians and the threat of state unity through the demand for secession. The Communist Party also had violent policies towards the Uighurs in that it promised them to grant the right to self-determination to the Uighurs, and then after that gave them equal rights with the Han race, and then after that he ended the rejection of the idea of ​​granting the right to self-determination and grant them autonomy within Chinese territory out of faith in the idea of ​​a civilized state .

We conclude from the above that it is very difficult to secede the region of Xinjiang because it has economic importance and geo-plotica strategic, because its location in the northwest of the country and is considered the gateway to foreign China to the countries of Central Asia, and enjoys many riches concentrated in oil, iron, coal, gas, uranium … etc. And China conducts many Nuclear testing

The researcher recommends several recommendations, the most important of which are:

• The Communist Party of China should respect the religious traditions and traditions of the Uighur community.
• The Uyghur language should be circulated among the people of the region as it was previously.
• The Communist Party to abandon the abusive policies of persecution against the Uighurs.
• All rights and duties are equal for all nationalities in China.

List of references:

• Muthanna Mishaan Al Mazroui, Lectures in Political Geography, Baghdad, Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Education, 2014.
• Al-Hayani, Salam Dawood Grill, The Geopolitical Importance of Strategic Minerals in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries, Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, No. 92, Iraqi Society for Educational and Psychological Sciences, 2012.
• Saeed, Ibrahim Ahmed, The Geopolitical and Geo-Strategic Importance of the Golan and its Editing Options, Journal of Political Thought, Series 20, No. 71, 2019, p. 13.
• Abdel, Ayad Abdel-Ridha, The Geopolitical Dimensions of the Armament Problem in the Middle East: A Study in Political Geography, Volume 45, Annals of Literature Ain Shams, Ain Shams University, Faculty of Arts, March 2017, p. 219.
• Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, Master Thesis, Khartoum, University of Khartoum, College of Arts, June 2006, p. 100.
• Turkestan Times, What do you know about: China’s “Xinjiang” region, former East Turkestan ”, 2018, p. 10.
• Al-Dharafi, Ahmad, East Turkestan: An Islamic, No Ethnic Issue, No. 359, Al-Bayan, The Islamic Forum, April 2017, p. 61.
• Linda Benson, translator (Aida Seif al-Dawla), East Turkestan from the middle of the eighteenth century to the end of the twentieth century, 2017, pp. 216,217.
• Hamid Shihab Ahmed, Regional and International Competition in the Islamic Republic of Central Asia, Journal of International Studies, College of Political Science – University of Baghdad, No. 28, p. 3,4.
• Jameel, Subhi Muhammad, named in China, Journal of Arts, No. 65, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, 2004, p. 225.
• Mahmoud Qamar, History of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Al-Rushd Library, First Edition, Volume 1, January 2006, p. 15.
• Ahmad, Ja`far Karrar, a study on Islam and Muslims in the Shadow of the Mongolian State in China, Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, No. 2, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University – Deanship of Scientific Research, 2007, pp. 18,19, 21.
• Zainab Shaker Al-Sammak, Who are the Uighurs ?: A Muslim Minority Behind the Rights Wall in China, The News Informatics Network, October 2017, p. 1.
• Abdel-Moneim El-Hefny, Encyclopedia of Bands, Groups, Doctrines, Parties, and Islamic Movements, Cairo, Madbouly Library, Third Edition, 2005, p., 355.
• Al-Dharafi, Ahmad, East Turkestan: An Islamic, No Ethnic Issue, No. 359, Al-Bayan, The Islamic Forum, April 2017, pp. 60.61.
• Mr. Abdel-Ali, the folk tale and the fairy tale in the region of Khashalla collection and functional study according to the method of Vladimir Probe, Master Thesis, Algeria, Arab Tebsi University – Tebessa, 2011, p. 60.
• Shaima Muhammad Jawad, Natural Characteristics of China, Journal of the College of Basic Education, Volume 22, No. 93, Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Basic Education, 2016, p. 284.
• Voice of the Turkistan HUYGUR MEDIA, a new Andalusia between the jaws of the Chinese dragon, March 2018 issue, p. 2.
• Al-Babtain, Haya bint Abdul Mohsen Muhammad, The Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China in the Twentieth Century and the Attitude of Muslims towards them, Volume 6, No. 43, Yearbook of the Faculty of Arabic Language in Zagazig, Al-Azhar University – Faculty of Arabic Language in Zagazig, 2014, p. 4984.
• Suleiman, Hassan Syed, China’s role in international politics towards the Middle East for the period from 1988-2011 AD, PhD thesis, Khartoum, Omdurman Islamic University, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, 2014, p. 348.
• Amr, Ahmad, China Hospitals for the Treatment of Muslims from Islam, No. 379, Al-Bayan, the Islamic Forum, December 2018, p. 77.
• Jameel, Subhi Muhammad, named in China, Journal of Arts, No. 65, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, 2004, p. 200.
• Al-Dosari, Saud Abdulaziz, The Reality of Islamic Minorities and Da`wah in China: A Study on Political, Social and Religious Conditions, Journal of Sharia and Islamic Studies, Volume 25, No. 81, Kuwait University – Scientific Publishing Council, June 2010, p. 448.
• Al-Saqqar, Sami, An Overview of the Conditions of Muslims in China, Volume 55, No. 8, The Guidance of Islam, Ministry of Endowments, Affairs and Islamic Holy Sites, 2011, p. 136.
• Shousha, Najah: Uyghur million detainees and digital inspection courts, No. 386, Al-Bayan, the Islamic Forum, June 2019, p. 30.
• Matching, Yunus Abdullah, Vital Secretary of Muslim Insight in China, Series No. 54, No. 617, Islamic Awareness, Ministry of Consensus and Islamic Affairs, November 2016, p. 78.
• Zahra, Abdel-Ghani Abdel-Fattah, the conditions of the Muslim minority in China and the position of Muslims towards them, the Fourth International Conference on Arab-Chinese Relations, History and Civilization, Suez Canal University, Faculty of Commerce, March 2012, p. 134.
• Report from China Network, Report to the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Beijing, October 2017, p. 5,6.
• Al-Saqqar, Sami, An Overview of the Conditions of Muslims in China, Volume 55, No. 8, The Guidance of Islam, Ministry of Endowments, Affairs and Islamic Holy Sites, 2011, p. 134.
• Amr, Ahmad, China Hospitals for the Treatment of Muslims from Islam, No. 379, Al-Bayan, the Islamic Forum, December 2018, p. 77.
• Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, Master Thesis, Khartoum, University of Khartoum, College of Arts, June 2006, p. 33.
• Al-Babtain, Haya Bint Abdul Mohsen Muhammad, The Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China in the Twentieth Century and the Attitude of Muslims towards them, Volume 6, No. 43, Yearbook of the Faculty of Arabic Language in Zagazig, Al-Azhar University – Faculty of Arabic Language in Zagazig, 2014, p. 4966.
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• Al-Dosari, Saud Abdul Aziz, The Reality of Islamic Minorities and Da`wah in China: A Study of Political, Social and Religious Conditions, Journal of Sharia and Islamic Studies, Volume 25, No. 81, Kuwait University – Scientific Publishing Council, June 2010, p. 459.
• BBC, 12 people killed in violence in China’s Xinjiang province, January 2014.
• Zainab Shaker Al-Sammak, Who are the Uighurs ?: A Muslim Minority Behind the Rights Wall in China, The News Informatics Network, October 2017, p. 3.
• Hussein Sarmak Hassan, How The United States Bring Terrorism to China, The National Movement Party, 2018.
• BBC, 12 people killed in violence in China’s Xinjiang province, January 2014.

[1] Muthanna Mashaan Al Mazrouei, Lectures in Political Geography, Baghdad, Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Education, 2014, p. 1,2.

(2 ) Muthanna Mashaan Al Mazrouei, Lectures on Political Geography, ibid., P. 3.

[3] Muthanna Mashaan Al Mazrouei, Lectures on Political Geography, ibid., P. 5.

(4 ) Al-Hayani, Salam Dawood Grill, The Geopolitical Importance of Strategic Minerals in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, No. 92, Iraqi Society for Educational and Psychological Sciences, 2012, p. 621.

(5 ) Saeed, Ibrahim Ahmed, The Geopolitical and Geo-Strategic Importance of the Golan and its Editing Options, Journal of Political Thought, Series 20, No. 71, 2019, p. 13.

(6 ) Abdel, Eid Abdel-Ridha, Geopolitical Dimensions of the Armament Problem in the Middle East: A Study in Political Geography, Volume 45, Annals of Literature Ain Shams, Ain Shams University, Faculty of Arts, March 2017, p. 219.

(7 ) Al-Hayani, Salam Dawood Grill, The Geopolitical Importance of Strategic Minerals in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, previous reference, p. 162.

(8 ) Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, MA, Khartoum, University of Khartoum, College of Arts, June 2006, p. 100.

[9] Turkestan Times, what do you know about: China’s Xinjiang, formerly East Turkestan.

http://turkistantimes.com/ar/news-1961.html

(10 ) Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, Master Thesis, Khartoum, University of Khartoum, College of Arts, June 2006, p. 178.

(11 ) Al-Dharafi, Ahmad, East Turkestan: An Islamic, No Ethnic Issue, No. 359, Al-Bayan, The Islamic Forum, April 2017, p. 61.

[12] Linda Benson, translator (Aida Seif al-Dawla), East Turkestan from the middle of the eighteenth century to the end of the twentieth century, 2017, pp. 216,217.

(13 ) Hamid Shihab Ahmed, Regional and International Competition in the Islamic Republic of Central Asia, Journal of International Studies, College of Political Science – University of Baghdad, No. 28, p. 3,4.

(14 ) Jameel, Subhi Muhammad, named in China, Journal of Arts, No. 65, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, 2004, p. 225.

(15 ) Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, previous reference, p. 181.

(16 ) Mahmoud Qamar, History of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Al-Rushd Library, First Edition, Volume 1, January 2006, p. 15.

(17 ) Al-Dharafi, Ahmad, East Turkestan: An Islamic, No Ethnic Issue, previous reference, p. 62.

(18 ) Ahmad, Ja`far Karrar, Study on Islam and Muslims in the Shadow of the Mughal State in China, Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, No. 2, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University – Deanship of Scientific Research, 2007, pp. 18,19, 21.

(19 ) Jameel, Subhi Muhammad, The Label in China, previous reference, p. 236.

(20 ) Zainab Shaker Al-Sammak, Who are the Uighurs ?: A Muslim Minority Behind the Rights Wall in China, The News Informatics Network, October 2017, p. 1.

(21 ) Abdel-Moneim El-Hefny, Encyclopedia of Bands, Groups, Doctrines, Parties, and Islamic Movements, Cairo, Madbouly Library, Third Edition, 2005, p.

(22 ) Al-Dharafi, Ahmad, East Turkestan: An Islamic, No Ethnic Issue, No. 359, Al-Bayan, The Islamic Forum, April 2017, pp. 60.61.

(23 ) Mr. Abdel-Ali, the folk tale and the fairy tale in the region of Khashalla collection and functional study according to the method of Vladimir Probe, Master Thesis, Algeria, Arab University of Tebsi – Tebessa, 2011, p. 60.

(24 ) Shaimaa Muhammad Jawad, Natural Characteristics of China, Journal of the College of Basic Education, Volume 22, No. 93, Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Basic Education, 2016, p. 284.

[25] HUYGUR MEDIA Voice of Turkestan, New Andalusia between the Jaws of the Chinese Dragon, March 2018 Issue, p. 2.

(26 ) () () Al-Babtain, Haya Bint Abdul Mohsen Muhammad, Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China in the Twentieth Century and the Attitude of Muslims towards them, Volume 6, No. 43, Yearbook of the Faculty of Arabic Language in Zagazig, Al-Azhar University – Faculty of Arabic Language in Zagazig, 2014, p. 4984 .

(27 ) Shaima Muhammad Jawad, The Natural Characteristics of China, previous reference, p. 286

(28 ) Al-Dharafi, Ahmad, East Turkestan: An Islamic, No Ethnic Issue, previous reference, p. 12.

[29] Suleiman, Hassan Syed, China’s role in international politics toward the Middle East for the period 1988-2011 AD, PhD thesis, Khartoum, Omdurman Islamic University, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, 2014, p. 348.

(30 ) Amr, Ahmed, China Hospitals for the Treatment of Muslims from Islam, No. 379, Al-Bayan, the Islamic Forum, December 2018, p. 77.

[31] Shaima Muhammad Jawad, The Natural Characteristics of China, previous reference, p. 289

[32] Suleiman, Hassan Syed, China’s role in international politics towards the Middle East for the period 1988-2011 AD, PhD thesis, Khartoum, Omdurman Islamic University, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, 2014, p. 332.

(33 ) Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, previous reference, p. 104.

[34] (Jamil, Subhi Muhammad, named in China, Journal of Arts, No. 65, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, 2004, p. 200

[35] (Al-Dosari, Saud Abdulaziz, The Reality of Islamic Minorities and Da`wah in China: A Study on Political, Social and Religious Conditions, Journal of Sharia and Islamic Studies, Volume 25, No. 81, Kuwait University – Scientific Publishing Council, June 2010, p. 448.

(36 ) (Al-Dosari, Saud Abdulaziz, The Reality of Islamic Minorities and Da`wah in China: A Study on Political, Social and Religious Conditions, previous reference, p. 458.

(37 ) Al-Saqqar, Sami, An Overview of the Conditions of Muslims in China, Volume 55, No. 8, The Guidance of Islam, Ministry of Endowments, Affairs and Islamic Holy Sites, 2011, p. 136.

(38 ) (Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, previous reference, pp. 111,112.

(39 ) Shusha, Najah: Uyghur million detainees and digital inspection courts, No. 386, Al-Bayan, the Islamic Forum, June 2019, p. 30.

[40] Macheng, Yunus Abdullah, The Vital Secretary of Muslim Insight in China, Series No. 54, No. 617, Islamic Awareness, Ministry of Consensus and Islamic Affairs, November 2016, p. 78.

(41 ) Zahra, Abdel-Ghani Abdel-Fattah, Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China and the position of Muslims towards them, Fourth International Conference on Arab-Chinese Relations, History and Civilization, Suez Canal University, Faculty of Commerce, March 2012, p. 134.

[42] Report from the China Network, report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Beijing, October 2017, p. 5,6.

(43 ) Al-Saqqar, Sami, An Overview of the Conditions of Muslims in China, Volume 55, No. 8, The Guidance of Islam, Ministry of Endowments, Affairs and Islamic Holy Sites, 2011, p. 134.

(44 ) Amr, Ahmed, China Hospitals for the Treatment of Muslims from Islam, No. 379, Al-Bayan, the Islamic Forum, December 2018, p. 77.

(45 ) () Zahra, Abdel-Ghani Abdel-Fattah, The Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China and the position of Muslims towards them, previous reference, p. 137.

(46 ) Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, MA, Khartoum, University of Khartoum, College of Arts, June 2006, p. 33.

(47 ) Al-Babtain, Haya Bint Abdul Mohsen Muhammad, The Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China in the Twentieth Century and the Attitude of Muslims towards them, Volume 6, No. 43, Yearbook of the Faculty of Arabic Language in Zagazig, Al-Azhar University – Faculty of Arabic Language in Zagazig, 2014, p. 4966.

[48] (Izz al-Din al-Wardani, The Truth of Chinese Politics to Absorb Uyghurs, Turkestan Times, 2016, p. 1,3).

(49 ) (Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, previous reference, p. 112.

[50] (Al-Dosari, Saud Abdul Aziz, The Reality of Islamic Minorities and Da`wah in China: A Study on Political, Social and Religious Conditions, Journal of Sharia and Islamic Studies, Volume 25, No. 81, Kuwait University – Scientific Publishing Council, June 2010, p. 459.

[51] (Al-Babtain, Haya Bint Abdul Mohsen Muhammad, The Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China in the Twentieth Century and the Attitude of Muslims towards them, previous reference, p. 4970.

[52] (Al-Dosari, Saud Abdulaziz, The Reality of Islamic Minorities and Da`wah in China: A Study on Political, Social and Religious Conditions, Journal of Sharia and Islamic Studies, Volume 25, No. 81, Kuwait University – Scientific Publishing Council, June 2010, p. 455.

[53] (Al-Babtain, Haya Bint Abdul Mohsen Muhammad, The Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China in the Twentieth Century and the Attitude of Muslims towards them, previous reference, p. 4974.

(54 ) Amr, Ahmed, China Hospitals for the Treatment of Muslims from Islam, previous reference, p. 76.

(55 ) Shusha, Najah: Uyghur One Million Detainees and Digital Inspection Courts, previous reference, p. 27.

(56 ) () Zahra, Abdel-Ghani Abdel-Fattah, The Conditions of the Muslim Minority in China and the position of Muslims towards them, previous reference, p. 138.

[57] BBC, 12 people killed in violence in Xinjiang, China, January 2014.

https://www.bbc.com/arabic/worldnews/2014/01/140126_china_xinjiang_violence

(58 ) Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hamad, Islam in China, previous reference, p. 182.

(59 ) Zainab Shaker Al-Sammak, Who are the Uighurs ?: A Muslim Minority Behind the Rights Wall in China, The News Informatics Network, October 2017, p. 3.

(60 ) Zainab Shaker Al-Sammak, who are the Uighurs ?: A Muslim minority behind the Law Wall in China, ibid., P. 4.